Harmless bacteria can turn virulent by which of following?

horizontal gene transfer
vertical gene transfer
phage infection
toxin release
horizontal gene transfer  

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From which of following autotroph organisms obtain energy?
A. oxygen
B. sulphur
C. co2
D. hydrogen
Which of following are appendages that facilitate conjugation?
A. pilus
B. flagella
C. pseudomonas
D. cilia
Which of following bacteria cause syphilis?
A. treponema pallidum
B. salmonella
C. Bdellovibrios
D. Nongonococcal urethritis
Which of following diseases is caused by Bacillus anthracis?
A. flu
B. common cold
C. tuberculosis
D. anthrax
Which of following is caused by Shigella bacterium?
A. dysentery
B. cholera
C. measles
D. shingles
A Halobacterium cell compensates for water loss by pumping which ions in cell?
A. K
B. O2
C. H2
D. NA
Which of following can be poisoned by oxygen?
A. Streptomyces
B. Borrelia burgdorferi
C. Leptospira
D. methanogens

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