Mosca and Pareto identified the ruling elite as:

a minority group who fill all the top positions of political authority
a coalition of social forces with specific skills and abilities
a group who circulate between high status positions and exclude others
all of the above
all of the above  Mosca and Pareto criticized Marx for his economically determinist view of social classes and political action. They argued that those with political authority formed an independent elite group, which could recruit people from various social backgrounds. Once established, the elite excluded the rest of the population from participating in political decision-making, and so maintained their power. A ruling elite was a coalition of social forces, as members circulated between high status positions in the various spheres of society, and filled all of the top positions. 822-823

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