Chemistry for Physiology

Atoms of a metal element react with atoms of a non-metal element to form an ionic compound (ions held within a lattice when in solid form).

These elements make up the bulk of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

Choice D is better than choice A as molarity can also be applied to ionic compounds.

“Unsaturated” because addition hydrogen atoms may be attached to the carbon bonds if the double bond was replaced by a single bond. “Poly-” because there is more than one instance of a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.

The prefix “hypo-” refers to too little, and natrium is a Latin word that means sodium.

A mole = 6 × 10²³ particles, a millimole (mmol) = 6 × 10²⁰ particles. When dissolved, whether the particles are ions or molecules makes no difference.

This is a definition of molecules.

Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules (only) through a membrane. Only choice A is consistent with this.

As the ratio of the two components changes, so does the pH of the solution. As pH is a logarithmic scale, a pH value change by 1.0 requires a change of one of the components by a factor of 10. This is achieved if the ratio changes from 5 to 1, to 50 to 1. Furthermore, as the citric acid component has been increased, the pH decreases to be more acidic.

This is the definition of an electrolyte.