Chemistry for Physiology

From the given formula, there are three ions in the solution, one magnesium and two chloride, which would disassociate in solution. This would produce three osmoles of ions.

Carbon forms four covalent bonds. “Tetra-” refers to four.

Nitrogen must be present. Choice B is wrong as H is absent.

The lungs with each breath are able to excrete acid, by exhaling CO₂. So the lungs are able to respond more rapidly than the kidneys.

The application of a hydrostatic pressure to a solution in order to oppose and prevent the osmotic flow of water into that liquid is the basis for assigning a value to that solution for its “osmotic pressure”. Osmotic pressure is the value of this externally applied hydrostatic pressure. Choice C describes filtration. Choices B and D are nonsense.

This is the best answer. Choice A is true of a strong acid only. Choice C is incorrect as the salt produced may also be basic or acidic.

Buffers temporarily manage the pH in the body’s liquids. It is from both the lungs and kidneys that acid is excreted (or not) from the body.

0.9% means 0.9 g per 100 ml of solution = 9 g per 1000 ml (i.e. per litre)

The convention is that the number of protons is the subscript and the sum of the number of protons and neutrons (131) is the superscript.

“Extracellular compartment” is almost synonymous with blood. The protein buffer is important within cells. The ammonia buffer is important in the kidney’s filtrate.