Forestry

Lodging

Erosion

Salt spray

Injuries

Both open and closed unit depending upon the biomass present

Closed unit

Open unit

Both open and closed unit depending upon community type

Gravel and sand

Sand and calcium

Clay and humus

Silt and earthworms

If soil is properly worked and weedng is carried out then any local spp can be planted nan area

It has been seen that in spite of high early success there is failure later on

Both (a) & (b)

None of these

Photosynthesis

Assimilation of nitrogenous compounds

Chemosynthesis

Digestion or breakdown of organic compounds

50%

60%

70%

80%

Coal

Natural gas

Oil

Fossil fuels

Siltation

Soil creep

Suspension

All of the above

Corals

Gastropods

Fishes

Reptiles

An animal, sometime leading to their death

Also having a potential of being transmitted to humans

Livestock, between species, and vice versa

All of the above