International Political Community

Independence movements

Communist revolutions

Economic expansion

Educational reforms

Militarism

Socialism

Nationalism

Colonialism

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Gunnar Myrdal

W.W. Rostow

A.G. Frank

Immanuel Wallerstein

Increasing competition

Increasing employment

Implementing the labor laws

Imposing trade barriers

Foreign investment

Delay or damage of goods

Tax on imports

None of these

An increase in feelings of nationalism

A general decline in the standard of living

An increase in colonization by European nations

A rapid decline in population

Goods, services and people between countries

Goods, services and investments between countries

Goods, investments and people between countries

None of these

Language throughout most of Africa

Goal to end European rule in Africa

Ethnic bond among the people of sub-Saharan Africa

Religion throughout most of Africa

Effective utilization of resources

Increase in income and wealth

Willingness to cooperate

Rapid improvement in technology