Pakistan Affairs: Independence Struggle (1857 to 1947)

The Hijrat Movement was started in 1920. It was a mass migration of Muslims from British India to Afghanistan in the aftermath of World War I. The movement was sparked by the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate, which was seen by many Muslims as the symbol of their religious and political identity. The Hijrat Movement was ultimately unsuccessful, but it played a significant role in the development of Muslim nationalism in South Asia.