Organisation of the Body

The peritoneum is the membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and the omentum is a portion of that. The internal organs are close but also include the brain which is not in the ventral cavity.

Distal to the elbow means further along the arm towards the hand – this eliminates the humerus. Proximal to the wrist means closer to the body than the wrist – this eliminates the carpals. The tarsals are in the ankle.

The quoted statement is a definition of metabolism.

The superior part of the shoulder at the distal end of the clavicle is known as acromial. Here the acromion of the scapula articulates with the clavicle at the “ac” or acromioclavicular joint. Choice A is the olecranal region; B the calcaneal; C (the medial malleolus) is not usually ascribed a region name.

To extend a body part is to increase the angle between the moving bone and the stationary bone. For example, when the fingers of a clenched fist are allowed to straighten, the angle between the proximal phalanges and the metacarpals increases.

The cortex of the kidney, for example, is the deep, inner part, while the cortex is the more superficial, outer part.

Phalanges (finger bones) are indeed further from the trunk along the arm, than are the carpals (wrist bones).

Physiology is indeed the study of how the (healthy) body functions.

Moving the straight arms away from the body in this fashion is called abduction.

In this case “hypo-” means below, while “chondro” refers to the cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum (the costal cartilages). The regions of the abdomen immediately inferior to these rib cartilages (on the left and right sides of the body) are what is being referred to.