Physics

Loudness (also called sound pressure level, or SPL) is measured in logarithmic units called decibels (dB).

P1V1 = P2V2 relates to the ideal gas law.

A spectrometer is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic display device containing cathode-ray tube (CRT) that generates an electron beam that is used to produce visible patterns or graphs on a phosphorescent screen. A sonometer is an apparatus made of hollow box having two holes. A string is attached to it by which the transverse vibrations of strings can be studied.

Some components like transformers and inductors cannot be integrated into an IC except for very specialized high frequency applications. They have to be connected externally to the semiconductor pins. In general, transformers are located in circuit boards as separate components and cannot be integrated into semiconductor based integrated circuits.

Image quality is a characteristic of an image that measures the perceived image degradation (typically, compared to an ideal or perfect image). Imaging systems may introduce some amounts of distortion or artifacts in the signal, so the quality assessment is an important problem. Sharpness determines the amount of detail an image can convey. System sharpness is affected by the lens (design and manufacturing quality, focal length, aperture, and distance from the image center) and sensor (pixel count and anti-aliasing filter).

Freezing takes place at he top of the lake this is because water colder than 4 degree celsius usually starts to expand and get less dense as it gets colder. It is the liquid with more density that settles at the bottom while the less denser floats above it.