In Esping-Andersen’s (1990) outline of three types of state welfare, the social democratic model involved:

loyalty to the state and traditional values
individualistic self-reliance but high unemployment
universalistic benefits and public sector employment
deregulation of wages and prices by the introduction of the free market
universalistic benefits and public sector employment  Esping-Anderson identified three different types, or ‘worlds’ of welfare across the world, through an international comparative study. These were the liberal, conservative and social democratic models. The latter, found in Scandinavian countries, was based on principles of equality and social solidarity: it was a model of universal state welfare. 596-597

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