Margaret Mead suggested that:

adolescence and gender roles varied between societies and so were culturally determined
gender roles in three New Guinea societies were identical and so must be biologically determined
adolescence in the USA is a time of relative calm compared to the experience in Japan and Europe
anthropological fieldwork can be problematic because the researcher’s values affect the way they interpret their observations
adolescence and gender roles varied between societies and so were culturally determined  In order to explore the effects of culture and upbringing upon gender identity, Margaret Mead conducted an anthropological study of three different societies in New Guinea. Both the Arapesh and the Mundugamor people showed little gender differentiation in character: in the former case, men and women were gentle, caring and passive, while in the latter society, both genders were assertive and sexually aggressive. The Tchambuli society revealed more gender differences, but these were the reverse of the pattern found in Western societies. Mead said that this showed how gender identity was not biologically universal but rather socially shaped. 138-139

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