Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    What part of the brain contains the main visceral control centre of body homeostasis?
    The hypothalamus of the diencephalon
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    Renal System
    Which of the following are organic wastes produced by the body?
    Ammonium ions are produced when amino acids are deaminated. Sodium is not organic.
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    Cardiovascular System
    What is the first process that occurs after a blood vessel is damaged?
    Almost immediately (within 2 s) after a blood vessel is cut, the vessel walls contract in a spasm to slow the flow of blood (vessel diameter decreases).
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    Cells and Tissues
    Membrane proteins perform the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one?
    The glycocalyx refers to molecules in the plasma membrane that have a carbohydrate chain attached (prefix “glyco-“).
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which one of the following will make blood pressure fall?
    Vasodilation decreases resistance to blood flow, which means the same CO can be maintained by a lower BP.
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    Endocrine System
    Hormones are often released sequentially when directed to by the preceding hormone in the sequence. Which of the following is the initiating hormone?
    TRH from the hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release TSH. TSH causes the release of TH from the thyroid. T4 is one of the thyroid hormones; T3 is the other. Hence choice C is a better answer than D.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Starting at the APEX of the heart and moving superiorly, what is the correct order in which you would encounter the four anatomical structures below?
    The apex is the pointy end of the heart (the inferior end). So ventricles are first, then papillary muscle to which are attached the chordae tendineae, superior to which are the atrioventricular valves.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    What is the function of the cilia on the cells that line the bronchial tree?
    The beating of the cilia moves mucus lying on the surface of the epithelium of the conducting zone, and any contained dust, up out of the bronchial tree.
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    Cardiovascular System
    One of the following does NOT help blood to move through arteries. Which one?
    Movement of the diaphragm during breathing assists venous return but not movement of blood through arteries.
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    Biomechanics
    Levers are acted upon by forces known as the load, effort, and fulcrum. “First- class” levers are characterised by having the:
    For example, the atlas vertebra is the fulcrum for the lever action of nodding yes. The sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles provide the effort forces.
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