Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    When “colloid osmotic pressure” is used in relation to the blood. What is being referred to?
    Plasma proteins are known as colloids. They are present in blood but not in the interstitial fluid. That part of the osmotic pressure of blood that they produce is known as colloid osmotic pressure.
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    Respiratory System
    How is the diaphragm innervated?
    The two phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, and they arise from spinal nerves that leave the spinal cord between vertebrae C3 and C5.
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    Renal System
    Only one of the following statements about the juxtaglomerular apparatus is WRONG. Which one?
    Granular cells are not chemoreceptors. Systemic arteries constrict due to angiotensin II which is formed after the release of renin.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Human blood has an osmolarity that lies within the range 280–300 mosmol/L. Which of the following statements is correct?
    An isotonic solution has the same osmolarity as blood.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    If the following amounts of the given substances were dissolved in water, which would result in four osmoles of dissolved particles?
    Osmole is a term used when the solute particles came from an ionic substance. Osmoles = moles × number of ions in formula. There are two ions in the formula for sodium chloride, hence 4 osmoles. There are three ions in the formula for sodium sulphate, hence 6 osmoles.
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    Renal System
    Which part of the renal tubule is impermeable to water?
    Water does not pass through the ascending limb. However, solutes (Na and Cl) do pass through.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following does NOT assist in returning the blood to the heart through the veins?
    The heart’s contractions do not affect blood movement after blood passes through the capillaries. The contraction of the diaphragm increases pressure in the abdomen, and this creates a pressure gradient that pushes blood towards the heart against gravity. Gravity assists blood to return from the head and neck.
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    Endocrine System
    What is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas?
    Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce insulin. The alpha cells produce glucagon.
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    Organisation of the Body
    Imagine an image of a transverse section of the upper arm. What tissues may be identified there located from the most superficial to the deepest?
    Choice A is incorrect as hypodermis is more superficial than muscle. Choice C is wrong again because superficial fascia (which is a synonym for hypodermis) is more superficial than muscle. Choice D is wrong as marrow lies within bone, and also hypodermis and subcutaneous fat are almost synonyms.
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    Cells and Tissues
    What is the name given to the movement of glucose or amino acids from the gut into the cells lining the gut, when they bind to a transport protein that has also bound a sodium ion? The sodium ion is entering the cell along its concentration gradient.
    The sodium ion was transported out of the cell with the use of energy in order to set up the sodium concentration gradient. This gradient then allows other molecules to enter the cell along with sodium’s re-entry. This is active (because energy used), but secondary as it occurs as a result of the previous active transport event.
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