Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following events occur during early ventricular systole?
    In early systole, the pressure in the ventricles may not have been raised sufficiently to push open the semilunar valves yet. Choice D describes late systole.
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    Cells and Tissues
    To what does the term “integral protein” refer?
    “Integral” refers to being within the cell membrane. The other choices are not even close to being correct.
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    Endocrine System
    What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
    By definition endocrine glands are part of the endocrine system and they produce hormones.
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    Electricity
    In the fluids of the human body, what are the carriers of charge that move through fluids called?
    The charge carriers are ions (sometimes called electrolytes); they may have a positive or a negative charge.
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    Cardiovascular System
    What constitutes blood plasma?
    Plasma is blood without the “formed elements”, that is, cells. Choice C refers to serum.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which period of the heart cycle is completely occupied by the ventricles relaxing?
    Diastole is the period of cardiac muscle relaxation.
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    Ionising Radiation
    Alpha and beta rays share several properties. Which of the following is one? That they:
    Alpha particles are He++ nuclei, while beta particles are electrons (negative charge) or positrons (positive charge).
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    Renal System
    The kidneys produce all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one?
    Angiotensinogen is produced in the liver. Renin (produced in the kidneys) converts it to angiotensin I.
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    Cardiovascular System
    The blood group known as the ABO system is based on the presence of what proteins on blood cells?
    Antigens are on the membrane of the RBC. The other three terms all describe the same thing, antibodies that are circulating in the plasma.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which part(s) of the cardiovascular system has/have a single layer of endothelial cells as the innermost layer of the structure(s)?
    Heart, arteries, capillaries and veins all have an endothelium – a single layer of endothelial cells as their most internal layer, in contact with the blood they contain.
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