Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    A neurotransmitter is a molecule that crosses the:
    A neurotransmitter is released from within one neuron and crosses the cleft to bind with the receptor in the membrane of the next cell.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    A common IV solution is the combination 0.18% sodium chloride and 4% glucose (also called “4% and a fifth”). How many grams of each solute will be in a 1 L bag?
    0.18% sodium chloride and 4% glucose means 0.18 g of sodium chloride per 100 ml and 4 g of glucose per 100 ml. So in 1 L there would be 1.8 g and 40 g, respectively.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Peptide hormones are produced (and/or released) by which structure?
    The hypothalamus produces peptide hormones.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    Which of the following is responsible for increasing respiratory activity under normal conditions?
    If blood CO2 is high, then more will cross the BBB into the CSF. This will decrease the pH of the CSF (because CO2 will produce carbonic acid). This decreased pH will cause breathing rate to increase.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    The renal tubule of the nephron includes which of the following structures?
    Glomerulus, collecting duct and vasa recta are not part of the tubule. The loop of Henle has both an ascending arm and a descending arm.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
    Cerebellum subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of learned skilled skeletal muscle contraction for smooth coordinated movements, posture and agility.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    What are capillaries that have endothelial cells joined by “tight junctions” and have “intercellular clefts” between cells called?
    An intercellular cleft is the space between adjacent cells. A tight junction is where the lipid portions of the membranes of adjacent cells are bound together preventing water and solutes from passing between the cells.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
    What can be correctly said of data that are “normally distributed”?
    Normally distributed data have this predicable relationship between their mean and the spread of values around the mean.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    If arterial blood entering the lung has pCO2 = 46 mmHg and alveolar air has pCO2 = 40 mmHg, then:
    Carbon dioxide will diffuse in the direction of its concentration gradient from high concentration in the blood (46 mmHg) to alveoli (40 mmHg).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    If the pO2 of oxygen in the alveoli is 104 mmHg and in the blood in alveolar capillaries is 40 mmHg, while the pCO2 in the alveoli 40 mmHg and in the blood is 46 mmHg, which of the following will happen?
    Dissolved gases will diffuse from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration. Hence, CO2 can go from 46 to 40 mmHg and pO2 can move from where it is at 104 mmHg to where it is at 40 mmHg. D is the only choice consistent with this.
    Author: rikazzz Comment