Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    Where is the “apex” of the heart?
    The apex is the “pointy” end of the heart at the most inferior part of the left ventricle. It rests on the diaphragm.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    Glucose and other organic solutes are reabsorbed from the filtrate by which cells?
    The cells of the wall of the PCT absorb most wanted nutrients from the glomerular filtrate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Ionising Radiation
    Which one of the following radiations, all of 1 MeV energy, is the least penetrating?
    Alpha rays are doubly ionised helium nuclei, which, because of their large mass and double charge interact strongly with any matter through which they pass. They are able to travel a mere few centimetres in air and a fraction of a millimetre in solid matter.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Integument
    The skin participates in the production of vitamin D when which of the following occurs? When
    UV light converts cholecalciferol (= provitamin D3) into vitamin D precursor. The liver then adds a hydroxyl group.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Ionising Radiation
    Suppose a gamma source is placed 10 cm from a radiation detector and in succession, a 1 cm thick slab of each of the following materials is used to shield the source. For which one would the count rate be lowest?
    Shielding material with the highest density is able to absorb the greatest amount of gamma photons. Lead has the highest density, so it would reduce the count rate the most.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    If a urine-specific gravity was measured to be 1.003, an interpretation would be that:
    1.003 is close to the lower limit of urine SG, indicating that the kidney is not conserving water, so the person is well hydrated.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What does the term “decussation” mean and where does it occur?
    A decussation is a crossing over. Nerves from the left side of the brain cross over to the right side of the spinal cord to innervate the right-hand side of the body (and vice versa).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    The amplitude of a wave is related to which of the following?
    The greater the amplitude, the greater the energy carried.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Organisation of the Body
    What is meant by the term “retroperitoneal”?
    Retroperitoneal refers to organs inferior to the diaphragm but not enclosed by the peritoneum. For example, the kidneys, pancreas, rectum and part of the duodenum.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Which two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary prior to their release?
    OT and ADH are produced in the hypothalamus before being transported to the posterior pituitary.
    Author: rikazzz Comment