Anatomy and Physiology

    Muscles
    Patients confined to bed and those with plaster casts immobilising a bone fracture suffer muscle wasting. What is the term used for this condition?
    Immobilising a bone will mean the attached muscles are not used. Their nerve supply is intact, albeit nervous stimulation is reduced.
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    Nervous System
    What functions are controlled from the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?
    The precentral gyrus is the primary motor area of the brain.
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    Ionising Radiation
    What does the unit sievert describe?
    Absorbed radiation dose is measured in “gray” (=joule/kg). When the different types of radiation are weighted by their biological effect (so that a gamma ray is “equivalent” to an alpha particle say), the gray becomes the sievert.
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    Cells and Tissues
    Which of the following is an epithelial tissue?
    The adrenal gland is glandular epithelial tissue.
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    Cells and Tissues
    Facilitated diffusion through a membrane involves which of the following scenarios?
    Facilitation is by binding to a membrane protein.
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    Respiratory System
    What is the function of the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium?
    Ciliated cells have cilia that beat rhythmically to move inhaled dust particles that have been caught by the mucus out of the respiratory tract.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Blood has a slightly higher osmotic pressure than the interstitial fluid that surrounds capillaries. What is the effect of this?
    Water will move through a membrane into a solution of higher osmotic pressure (the blood) from a solution of lower osmotic pressure.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    Which of the following is a function of the liver?
    The liver produces many proteins (spleen recycles RBC; liver converts lactic acid back into pyruvic acid; kidney produces renin).
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Urea has the formula CH4N2O. Identify the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a molecule of urea.
    The elements are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The subscript number immediately after the symbol states how many of each atom there are. Hence there are four atoms of hydrogen.
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    Respiratory System
    Normal expiration in a person at rest is due to:
    Expiration is accomplished by passive elastic recoil of the expanded lung.
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