Anatomy and Physiology

    Skeleton and Joints
    What is the purpose of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone?
    Foramen refers to a hole in a bone, while magnum means large. This large opening in the occipital bone contains the superior part of the spinal cord.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    In organic compounds, how many bonds do carbon atoms always form?
    Carbon has four valence electrons and “would like” a share of four more to fill its outer shell. This is achieved by four covalent bonds, where a double bond counts as two covalent bonds.
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    Muscles
    On what part of the body is the serratus anterior muscle located?
    “Anterior” refers to front, so choice B is wrong. There is no “serratus” region.
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    Renal System
    What structure does the blood from the afferent arteriole enter?
    Afferent (incoming) arteriole enters the glomerulus; the efferent arteriole leaves the glomerulus.
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    Nervous System
    What is the function of the middle ear ossicles?
    The ossicles are mechanical lever systems that are attached to the tympanic membrane at one end and to the oval window at the other. They transmit the movements in the tympanic membrane across the middle ear and to the perilymph behind the oval “window”.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    How is oxygen transported around the body?
    Most oxygen is carried bound to haemoglobin and some is dissolved in plasma, so B is a better choice than A. Bicarbonate ions and HbCO2 are not involved in oxygen transport.
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    Reproductive System
    How do sperm cells differ from other cells in the male body?
    Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, whereas a sperm cell has 23. It has either an X or a Y chromosome.
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    Skeleton and Joints
    The human skeleton consists of which of the following?
    Choice A omits the axial skeleton. Choice C omits the facial bones and lumbar vertebrae. Choice D omits the ribs.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which of the following is the ion of a metal element?
    A metal element loses an electron in chemical reactions so that its number of protons outnumber the electrons which leaves it with a positive charge. Choice B, while being a positive ion, is a compound, not an element.
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    Nervous System
    What is the purpose of the diaphragm on the bell of a stethoscope? To:
    The bell matches the impedance of the air and the skin by resonating with the sounds coming from the body.
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