Anatomy and Physiology

    Muscles
    What characteristic of a smooth muscle cell distinguishes it from cardiac and from skeletal muscle?
    Both cardiac and skeletal muscle show striations when viewed under the microscope, but smooth muscle does not.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Electricity
    What are the letters ECG short for? Electro-
    An electrocardiogram is the diagram (the graph) of voltage against time that is produced by a machine called an “electrocardiograph”.
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    Integument
    Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
    Fat is stored in the hypodermis, which is also known as the subcutaneous layer and the superficial fascia.
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    Cardiovascular System
    In blood clotting, what activates “factor X”
    Factor X is a plasma protein produced by the liver. In the extrinsic pathway, factor III combines with factor VII to form an “enzyme complex” that activates factor X.
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    Respiratory System
    After an inhalation, the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is 104 mmHg and of CO2 is 40 mmHg. What will be the concentration of these gases dissolved in blood in the capillaries leaving the alveoli?
    Oxygen will diffuse into the plasma from the alveoli, and carbon dioxide will diffuse the other way, while a concentration gradient exists. The gradient will exist until the plasma concentrations of both gases equal the concentrations in the alveoli.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    One of the following processes is NOT part of mechanical digestion. Which one?
    Hydrolysis is a chemical process that coverts large food molecules into smaller ones (i.e. performs digestion)
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    Respiratory System
    The walls of the following structures are all supported by cartilage except for one of them. Which one?
    Bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage in their walls.
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    Cardiovascular System
    If a person has an arterial blood pressure measurement of 16 kPa (120 mmHg), this equates to which of the following pressures in newtons per square centimetre?
    The “newton per square metre” is renamed the pascal. 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa. 16,000 N/m2 = 16,000 Pa = 16 kPa.
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    Muscles
    Which of the following muscle cell structures is the longest?
    A muscle cell is a bundle of myofibrils. Myofibrils contain many sarcomeres joined end to end. Within sarcomeres are found (the shorter) thick and thin myofilaments.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    What quantity is used to express the concentration of dissolved oxygen in blood?
    Gases can be expanded and compressed as their pressure changes, and this makes determining their dissolved concentration problematical. For a gas to dissolve in water, it must be in contact with the water. The amount of gas that will dissolve in water is proportional to the pressure (or partial pressure) of the gas that is above and in contact with the water surface. It is conventional (and convenient) to use the partial pressure (in mmHg) of the gas in contact as a statement of the amount of dissolved gas.
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