Anatomy and Physiology

    Organisation of the Body
    Which major organ lies deep to the right hypochondriac region?
    Hypochondriac = below the rib cartilage; liver is located mostly on the right side.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What does the ciliary muscle do when accommodation (focussing) in the eye occurs?
    The ciliary muscle is doughnut-shaped with the lens in the “hole” and attached to the muscle by ciliary fibres (zonules). When the ciliary muscle contracts, it moves towards the lens which allows the ciliary fibres to reduce their tension so that the lens is stretched less. Hence it oozes to a more rounded shape.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Skeleton and Joints
    Where are blood vessels in compact bone found?
    The central canal (or Haversian canal) of an osteon houses blood vessels.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    A resting blood pressure stated as 120/80 (in units of mmHg) refers to:
    Arterial blood pressure cycles between a maximum value and a minimum value in time with the heartbeat. It is recorded as the maximum value adjacent to the minimum value.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cells and Tissues
    What is the difference between “loose” connective tissue (CT) and “dense” connective tissue?
    The preponderance of fibres is what makes the CT “dense”. Cartilage is classified as supportive CT.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    What are the main muscles involved in normal inspiration?
    Normal inspiration is achieved by contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The neck and abdominal muscles are used for deep inspiration and forced exhalation, respectively.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    Prior to an imaging examination using ultrasound, the skin surface is coated with a gel substance known as a “coupling agent”. What is the purpose of the gel?
    The impedance difference between the air and skin is large, so most of the ultrasound would reflect from the skin, rather than enter the body. Using gel avoids the ultrasound passing through air.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    A solution of 5% glucose is infused over a period of 3 h. If 250 ml of solution was used, how many grams of glucose were infused?
    5% glucose means 5 g per 100 ml of solution. 250 mL was used, therefore 2.5 × 5 = 12.5 g
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Biomechanics
    Which statement concerning friction is INCORRECT?
    Frictional forces within liquids are lower than within solids. Sliding friction IS less than static friction.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    In which situation will the skin lose heat by conduction to an object that is in contact with it? When the:
    For the skin to lose (rather than gain) heat, the object in contact must be at a lower temperature than the skin, regardless of whether it is a good or poor conductor.
    Author: rikazzz Comment