Anatomy and Physiology

    Skeleton and Joints
    What type of joint has the space between bones filled with cartilage?
    Cartilaginous joints have cartilage filling the space between bones. Choices B and D both refer to freely moveable joints.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    A man runs up a flight of stairs. His respiratory rate rose from 18 breaths per minute (resting) to 36 bpm (at the top of stairs). The increase was probably a result of:
    Muscular activity would have increased the rate of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production by cells. A higher breathing rate is required to take in the needed oxygen and to excrete the produced carbon dioxide. It is increased CO2 rather than decreased O2 that stimulates respiratory rate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    Accommodation refers to the eye’s ability to focus light from objects whatever their distance from the eye. How is this achieved?
    The eye lens is flexible. If stretched by the zonules, it adopts a flattened and thin biconvex shape; if it is allowed to recoil into its relaxed more spherical shape, it can focus on objects very close to the eye (such as a page of writing).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Muscles
    Which of the following muscles is a common intramuscular injection site?
    The upper arm at the shoulder is the location of the deltoid. It is the gluteus medius (rather than the gluteus maximus) that is used for IM injections to avoid the sciatic nerve.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Skeleton and Joints
    Which of the following is a projection from a bone surface?
    Facet is an articular surface that projects from a bone surface. A fossa is a shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as articular surface.
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    Skeleton and Joints
    The functions of bones may be stated as
    Each choice includes protection, movement and blood cell formation (haemopoiesis), so these terms cannot be used to choose the answer. Bones do not produce hormones, so choice C is eliminated. Bones do provide support to the body; hence only choice D is a complete list of functions.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which statement below describes blood flow through the mitral valve?
    The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
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    Nervous System
    Which of the following structures together make up the brainstem?
    The cerebellum, thalamus and pineal gland are not part of the brainstem.
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    Cardiovascular System
    What causes venous blood to return to the heart?
    Valves prevent blood in veins from flowing away from the heart, while contracting skeletal muscle compresses the veins, and this pushes blood through them towards the heart (as the valves prevent blood form being pushed in the other direction).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cells and Tissues
    What are the primary types of tissue in the body?
    There are four major types (not five or six). Osseous and blood are also connective, while glandular tissue is also epithelial.
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