Anatomy and Physiology

    Endocrine System
    Endocrine communication involves hormones of two types:
    Hormones are of two structural types, and this determines whether they are lipid soluble (can pass through the plasma membrane) or not.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    What type of molecule is cAMP, or what role does it play?
    Cyclic AMP is a second messenger. That is, it is released from the inside of the plasma membrane when an AA-based hormone binds to its receptor.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    Consider the situation where a light wave travelling in air strikes a glass surface with an angle of incidence of 20°. Which of the following statements is true?
    The “angle of incidence” is defined as angle formed by the incident ray and a line perpendicular with the surface (i.e. the “normal”). Total internal reflection may occur when light passes from glass to air, not air to glass.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following statements about resting blood pressure is correct? According to the Australian Heart Foundation Classifications:
    If resting systolic BP is above 140 mmHg and diastolic BP is above 90 mmHg, then a diagnosis of hypertension may be made. Choice A is very high BP.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    If a semipermeable membrane separates two aqueous solutions with different osmotic pressures, what will be the direction of water flow between solutions? From:
    Lower osmotic pressure means a lower solution concentration (and a higher concentration of water molecules). Water moves from the dilute solution into the more concentrated one.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    A systolic blood pressure which is stated as 16 kPa (120 mm Hg) means that the pressure in the arterial blood is:
    The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is disregarded when reading the pressure on the gauge. 16 kPa actually means that blood is actually at a pressure of 16 + 101 kPa.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Different types of capillaries are distinguished by their structure. Which of the following is NOT a structural difference between capillaries?
    No capillaries “start” in the tissues. Continuous capillaries are joined by tight junctions, fenestrated capillaries have pores and sinusoid capillaries may have no basement membrane.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Ionising Radiation
    What may the term “radioactive” be correctly used to describe?
    A patient who has been prepared for a NM scan has had a radioisotope incorporated into their body, so are themselves (temporarily) radioactive.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Careful blood matching is performed prior to transfusing blood in order to avoid which scenario?
    If the recipient’s antibodies attack the donated RBC, agglutination will occur. The reverse (choice D) is not a problem.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    What is the term applied to the first process in urine formation, where some components of blood pass into the Bowman’s capsule?
    Filtration is the first process driven by a fluid pressure gradient.
    Author: rikazzz Comment