Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    In the nephron glomerulus, the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the glomerulus is 8.0 kPa, the hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate in the Bowman’s capsule is 2.7 kPa and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure is 4.0 kPa. What is the net filtration pressure?
    Glomerular HP is positive (fluid moves from glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule), while filtrate HP and colloidal OP are negative (causing fluid movement back into the glomerulus). Hence performing the arithmetic gives 8.0– 2.7 – 4.0 = 1.3 kPa. It is this pressure difference that drives the filtration.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    Complete the following sentence correctly. Antidiuretic hormone:
    Increased permeability of the collecting duct means that more water will be reclaimed from the filtrate. Angiotensin II stimulates thirst. ANP diminishes thirst and increases sodium secretion at the kidneys.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Extracellular fluid includes which of the following liquids?
    This choice includes more than choices A and B. D is wrong as liquid inside cells is not extracellular.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    A sound wave of frequency 1000 Hz is travelling through air with a speed of 330 m/s. What is its wavelength?
    Rearrange the wave equation for wavelength: v = fλ so λ = v/f. Then substitute: λ = 330 m/s ÷ 1000 Hz = 0.33 m = 33 cm.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Organisation of the Body
    How does a coronal section divide the body?
    An imaginary cut that divides the body into a front half (or section) and back half is termed coronal. Choice C is sagittal, while choice D is a transverse section.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    The heart can be made to beat faster by which of the following?
    The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart, while the parasympathetic NS inhibits the heart.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which statement about the phosphate buffer is correct?
    Dihydrogen phosphate is able to destroy base by donating one of its hydrogen atoms (and in the process it becomes monohydrogen phosphate). Choice D is wrong as addition of acid would decrease the proportion of monohydrogen phosphate while increasing dihydrogen phosphate. This would make the ratio increase, that is, the “fraction” would be larger.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
    Given that a milligram 1 × 10−3 g, what is a microgram?
    A microgram is one millionth (0.000001 or 10−6) of a gram. A = 1 kg; B = 1 g; D = 1 milligram.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    Which one of the following is NOT produced by the kidneys?
    Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex (not the kidneys). The kidneys, along with the skin and liver, contribute to producing calcitriol.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cells and Tissues
    Choose the tissue below that is NOT one of the four primary types of body tissue.
    Osseous tissue (or bone) is a connective tissue.
    Author: rikazzz Comment