Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    Which nerve cells carry impulses from the brain to the muscles?
    Motor (or efferent) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS to the muscles.
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    Cells and Tissues
    Which of the following cells would be found in connective tissue?
    Chondro- refers to cartilage, so chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage. Cartilage is a connective tissue. The other choices are found in epithelial tissue, or nervous tissue.
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    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    What causes the cooling effect that we experience when sweating?
    Evaporating water molecules take with them more kinetic energy than the average amount. This decreases the average kinetic energy of the remaining water molecules, hence leaving them at a lower temperature.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    Which fluid within the body is likely to have the LOWEST pH?
    The stomach contents are the most acidic, that is, has the lowest pH.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following describes an artery? An artery is a blood vessel that:
    Arteries carry blood away from the heart. In the case of the pulmonary arteries, they carry deoxygenated blood.
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    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    Which explanation of the cooling effect produced by an ice pack when applied to the skin is the best one?
    Cold cause vasoconstriction no vasodilation. Body heat provides the ice pack with latent heat of fusion (melting) not vaporisation. Heat transfers, not “cold”.
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    Cardiovascular System
    When taking a subject’s blood pressure, you are actually measuring the difference between total pressure and which other pressure?
    The pressure on the gauge used to measure blood pressure displays the difference between atmospheric pressure and blood pressure. That is, total pressure is atmospheric pressure plus the reading on the gauge.
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    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    An oscillating magnetic field will be produced by:
    An alternating current (one whose direction reverses direction frequently in a second) will produce a changing (oscillating) magnetic field, whereas a steady current will produce a steady magnetic field.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    “Covalent” is the term applied to which of the following bonds?
    Non-metals share electrons when they react with each other (rather than losing or gaining), hence the prefix “co-“.
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    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    A typical sound produced by a Doppler device when used to assess the speed of blood flow in the brachial artery is triphasic. That is, there are three sounds. Why is this?
    Blood flow is fastest as the left ventricle contracts. The velocity of blood flow decreases between contractions. In fact flow is momentarily retrograde as the aortic valve fills and closes. Then forward flow continues as the elastic artery walls recoil from being distended. The other answers are nonsense.
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