Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    Which structure carries incoming impulses towards the nerve cell body?
    Dendrites receive stimuli for nerve cells and transmit them towards the cell body. An axon transmits a nerve impulse away from the neurone cell body.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What is meant by the “absolute refractory period” of a nerve cell membrane? The time during which:
    During the ~0.5 ms period of the action potential in which sodium ions are rushing into a nerve cell, the nerve cannot respond to any stimulus no matter how strong the stimulus is. Because of the impossibility of response, this period is called “absolutely” refractive (refractory = resisting ordinary methods).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Which of the following is a substantial difference between amino acid-based hormones and steroid hormones?
    Steroid hormones are fat soluble; AA-based hormones are water soluble (and not fat soluble).
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    Muscles
    Which of the following muscles is named according to its origin and insertion?
    The origin is on the sternum and clavicle (sternocleido-), while the insertion (on the “moving bone”) is to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Skeleton and Joints
    The appendicular skeleton includes all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one?
    The thoracic cage (the ribs) is part of the axial skeleton.
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    Biomechanics
    A requirement in traction is that the traction force is equal in magnitude but in the opposite direction to the counter-traction force. This requirement is really a statement of:
    Newton’s third law, F1 = -F2. When an object (the hanging mass) exerts a force on another object (the patient in traction), the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first object.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    The difference between dialysis and diffusion is that:
    Diffusion is passive and occurs in the direction of the concentration gradient. Diffusion can occur within a solution or across a membrane. Dialysis, on the other hand, requires a membrane and is a term applied to solutes, not water molecules.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Diffusion is the term given to the process where:
    This is the only correct definition of diffusion.
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    Renal System
    The influence(s) that drives blood filtration in the kidney is:
    The term “filtration” refers to a process that is driven by a pressure difference.
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    Nervous System
    What is a spinal reflex?
    Brain processing is not involved but a synapse is. The response is not learned.
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