Anatomy and Physiology

    Biomechanics
    Most of our bones that articulate at freely movable joints can be described as third-class levers. What does this mean?
    In third-class levers, the muscle force (effort) is between the load and the fulcrum (the joint). Choice D can be satisfied by first- and third-class levers.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Which one of the following terms refers to an abnormally low number of white blood cells?
    “Leuko-” refers to WBC; “-penia” refers to abnormally low or lack of.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following would cause a rise in mean arterial blood pressure?
    Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and contractility which increases cardiac output which increases BP. The term cardio-accelerator nerve should provide a clue.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cells and Tissues
    The combination of a sugar, a base and at least one phosphate group is given the general term of:
    A nucleoside is a nucleotide without a phosphate group.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Electricity
    When electrical equipment becomes faulty, the casing (if made of metal) may become live. In this case what is the function of the earth wire on the equipment?
    The earth wire allows current to flow to earth rather than through a person touching the case. In addition, the fuse should melt almost immediately.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What do “sympathetic” and “parasympathetic” divisions refer to?
    The autonomic NS, which in turn is one part (the somatic NS is the other part) of the efferent division of the peripheral NS.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Which structure integrates the activities of the endocrine system and the nervous system?
    The hypothalamus is located in the brain and also produces regulatory hormones.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cells and Tissues
    The resting membrane potential of a cell is the consequence of which of the following concentrations of ions?
    These ionic species are largely responsible for the membrane potential (cations are negative ions). While there is a higher concentration of Ca outside the cell than inside, there are fewer Ca than Cl ions.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following chemicals would cause blood pressure to decrease when they appear in blood?
    ANP acts to reduce blood volume by increasing Na+ excretion at kidneys (blocking release aldosterone), increasing volume of urine produced, reducing thirst and blocking release of ADH. ANP acts to reduce blood pressure by blocking release of the vasoconstrictors adrenaline and noradrenaline and stimulating peripheral vasodilation.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    If the glomerular filtration rate is too high, the macula densa sends a message to the afferent arteriole. What is the effect of this message?
    Constricting the afferent arteriole will decrease the rate of flow of blood into the glomerulus. This will decrease the GFR.
    Author: rikazzz Comment