Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following events would you expect to observe in response to a drop in a patients’ blood pressure?
    ADH causes more water to be reclaimed from the urine filtrate. This return of water to the blood volume prevents it from decreasing. Maintaining blood volume is a way of preventing BP from falling further.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Which of the following occurrences would cause blood pressure to DECREASE?
    Vasodilation increases the diameter of blood vessels, and this will cause BP to decrease. The other events will raise blood pressure.
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    Biomechanics
    Which of the following statements is a characteristic of “third-class levers”?
    Third-class levers are “inefficient” in the sense that the muscular force that needs to be exerted will exceed the load force to be shifted. Nevertheless human muscles are able to generate the forces required for human activities, and we have the benefit of a very large range of movement for our limbs.
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    Skeleton and Joints
    The manubrium and the xiphoid process are located on which part of the skeleton?
    The manubrium and xiphoid process (and the body) are all parts of the sternum.
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    Cardiovascular System
    What supplies blood to the myocardium?
    The left and right coronary arteries supply the myocardium.
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    Cardiovascular System
    To what does the term “cardiac output” refer?
    CO is the volume flow rate. The volume of blood pumped per minute. Choice C is the stroke volume. Choice D is the heart rate.
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    Biomechanics
    In a Hamilton-Russell traction system, a moveable pulley provides a mechanical advantage. What does this mean? That the:
    When the effort force is less than the load force, there is a mechanical advantage. Traction and counter-traction force must be equal.
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    Nervous System
    Accommodation refers to our ability to bring objects at any distance into sharp visual focus by altering which of the following?
    The eye’s lens is convex and flexible. So its degree of curvature (convexity) and hence its “focal length” can be altered so that light from objects at almost any distance can be made to come to a focus on the retina.
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    Respiratory System
    If the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is 104 mm Hg, approximately what will be the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries?
    Oxygen will continue to diffuse from the alveoli across the respiratory membrane into the blood, while the concentration gradient exists. The gradient will exist until the plasma concentration reaches 104 mmHg. In reality blood travelling away from the alveoli will be at slightly less than 104 mmHg as some oxygen will have been used by the lung tissue.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    The lowest pH is found in which of the listed body sites?
    The stomach has the lowest pH (is the most acidic), pH <2.
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