Anatomy and Physiology

    Cells and Tissues
    What is the difference between simple squamous cells and simple columnar cells?
    The names of the cells contain a description of their shape: either flat or like columns. Simple refers to a single layer of cells.
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    Endocrine System
    What controls the blood glucose level?
    Insulin increases blood glucose, while glucagon decreases blood glucose. Glycogen is not a hormone, so it does not affect the level of glucose in the blood.
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    Cardiovascular System
    Blood flow through the heart follows which of the sequences listed below?
    The mitral valve (bicuspid valve) comes after the right ventricle; the tricuspid valve comes before the pulmonary trunk.
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    Cells and Tissues
    What is a role performed by mitochondria?
    Mitochondria produce ATP. The other tasks are performed by lysosomes, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively.
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    Nervous System
    Which layer of membrane around the brain is the most superficial?
    The dura mater is in contact with the skull.
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    Nervous System
    Which of the following is a characteristic of an action potential?
    When a graded potential exceeds the threshold for producing an action potential, the AP happens regardless of the strength of the graded potential. This is an all or none event. (Choice D is wrong as sodium ions should be moving IN.)
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    Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
    Say that someone’s body temperature is measured by four different devices and the resulting four measurements are given below. Which reading has an absolute error of ±0.05 °C?
    Absolute error is plus or minus half the smallest scale interval. Two times 0.05 = 0.1, so the smallest scale interval is 0.1 of a degree which applies to the 37.8 °C value.
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    Endocrine System
    Finish the sentence so that it is correct: A hormone may be defined as a chemical messenger that:
    Hormones travel through the blood to all parts of the body and only small quantities are required.
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    Muscles
    All of the following structures are part of a muscle cell except one. Which one?
    Sarcoma refers to a malignant tumour (a cancer) of connective or other non-epithelial tissue (bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat and blood vessels).
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    Renal System
    Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?
    The ascending limb. Hence, volume of filtrate does not change as it passes through the ascending limb.
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