Anatomy and Physiology

    Reproductive System
    What does gonadotrophin-releasing hormone stimulate?
    GnRH stimulates the ant pit to release FSH and LH.
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    Renal System
    Which hormone causes increased sodium reabsorption in the kidney?
    Aldosterone stimulates the active absorption of sodium (and the secretion of potassium) from the filtrate.
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    Nervous System
    Which best describes the function of the association area of the temporal lobe?
    The temporal lobe contains the auditory cortex. It interprets sound from the hearing mechanism in the adjacent ears.
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    Organisation of the Body
    What is meant by the term flexion (or to flex)?
    To flex an arm is to decrease the angle between the humerus and radius (by contracting the biceps brachii). Choice D is wrong as contracting the triceps brachii causes extension of the forearm.
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    Endocrine System
    The structure that secretes regulatory hormones that control the pituitary gland is known as the:
    Hypothalamus is structure. Hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland.
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    Renal System
    By what process(es) do water and solutes move from blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule?
    Filtration which is driven by the hydrostatic pressure difference between blood (at high pressure) in the glomerular capillaries and the filtrate (at lower pressure) in the Bowman’s capsule.
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    Reproductive System
    In the male reproductive tract, where are sperm produced? In the:
    In the seminiferous tubules; stem cells called spermatogonia undergo meiosis to become sperm cells.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Denaturation of proteins involves disruption of the
    Protein “tertiary structure” is held together by the relatively weak attraction between different parts of the protein molecule known as “hydrogen bonding”. This structure is the most easily disrupted.
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    Nervous System
    What is the purpose of the muscles known as the stapedius and the tensor tympani?
    The tensor tympani pulls the malleus and stiffens the ear drum, while the stapedius pulls the stapes to reduce its movement against the oval window. In this way, the damage that loud sounds may do to the hearing mechanism is reduced.
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    Nervous System
    What can be said about noise-induced hearing loss?
    The “notch” in someone’s measured audiogram at about 4000 Hz is characteristic of all noise-induced hearing loss.
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