Anatomy and Physiology

    Chemistry for Physiology
    The element carbon is said to be tetravalent. This means it always has the following number of covalent bonds in neutral compounds.
    Carbon forms four covalent bonds. “Tetra-” refers to four.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What is that part of the nervous system that carries commands to the skeletal muscles called?
    The somatic NS carries motor commands to the skeletal muscles (our soma).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    What is the resulting effect of renin being released by the kidney?
    Renin catalyses the formation of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen. ACE then converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex due to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also promotes systemic vasoconstriction (not just in efferent arteriole).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    Which neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons?
    All parasympathetic neurons release ACh as a neurotransmitter. Nicotine and muscarine are not produced by the body.
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    Nervous System
    Which of the following neural pathways or tracts carry sensory information?
    The first part of the name tells you from where the pathway commences, “spino-“; the second part tells you where the information is going, “thalamic”. If information is going from the spinal cord to thalamus (in the brain), it MUST be carrying sensory information.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    The peripheral nervous system is divided into:
    The PNS comprises neurons that can transmit efferent motor impulses and neurons that transmit afferent sensory impulses.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    What are the four most common elements found in proteins?
    Nitrogen must be present. Choice B is wrong as H is absent.
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    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    A block of wood (a poor conductor of heat) whose temperature is 15 °C is placed in contact with a block of steel (a good conductor of heat) of the same size but whose temperature is 20 °C. Both are touched with a hand whose skin temperature is 28 °C. Which of the following is true?
    “Feeling colder” is somewhat subjective. Placing a warm hand against a steel block at a lower temperature will make the hand feel cold as heat flows from the hand to all parts the steel block. Wood does not produce this feeling as it conducts heat poorly so the hand will soon warm up the wood in contact with it. Choice C will happen only slightly as the wood block is a poor conductor of heat.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    What term is used for the muscular part of the heart?
    “Myo-” refers to muscle, while “cardium” refers to the heart. Pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Skeleton and Joints
    What is the biological function(s) performed by synovial fluid?
    Cartilage is avascular so the chondrocytes get their nutrients and dispose of their wastes via the synovial fluid that bathes them.
    Author: rikazzz Comment