Anatomy and Physiology

    Chemistry for Physiology
    What is the long-term acid-base balance in the body controlled by?
    Buffers temporarily manage the pH in the body’s liquids. It is from both the lungs and kidneys that acid is excreted (or not) from the body.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What innervates the diaphragm?
    The phrenic nerve, which originates from spinal nerves leaving the spinal cord at C3, C4 and C5.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    If a blood sample is taken for DNA testing, which of the following would be examined?
    Only leucocytes (WBC) possess a nucleus from which DNA may be sampled. Erythrocytes are anucleate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Why are the contents of the stomach and intestines considered to be potentially dangerous to health?
    The stomach contains hydrochloric acid; the duodenum contains enzymes that will hydrolyse proteins, fats and carbohydrates; and the large intestine contains bacteria (normal flora).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    What is the function of the oesophagus in digestion?
    It is merely a conduit to transfer food from the mouth to the stomach while bypassing the thoracic structures.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What feature do the dendrites of a nerve cell have?
    Dendrites are the afferent pathway by which a stimulus is brought to a cell body.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    Which part of the brain controls breathing, heart function, vasoconstriction and swallowing?
    Centres in the brainstem produce the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviours necessary for survival, e.g. respiratory centre (breathing rhythm), cardiovascular centre (force and rate of heart contraction, vasoconstriction), vomiting, coughing, hiccoughing, and swallowing. The mesencephalon is part of the brainstem.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Reproductive System
    What is the role of luteinising hormone (LH) in the female?
    A surge of LH release from the anterior pituitary gland causes the mature follicle to release its ovum. GnRh stimulates the release of FSH, while the secondary sex characteristics are maintained by estrogens.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Reproductive System
    Which of the following lists the structures of the female perineal area in correct order?
    Clitoris is the most ventral structure, while the anus is the most dorsal. The urethra is between the clitoris and vagina.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    How many grams of sodium chloride are there in (0.9%) normal saline?
    0.9% means 0.9 g per 100 ml of solution = 9 g per 1000 ml (i.e. per litre)
    Author: rikazzz Comment