Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    Where is the aortic valve located?
    The aortic valve is at the start of the aorta. It prevents blood in the aorta flowing back into the left ventricle.
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    Renal System
    What is the place where the arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves enter or leave the kidney called?
    Carina is in the trachea; renal pelvis refers to the ureter; reno-atrio notch does not exist.
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    Electricity
    The purpose of a fuse (or circuit breaker) is to prevent any flow of current. How is this done?
    The fuse is on the active wire, so when it “blows” the wire has a gap in it.
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    Cells and Tissues
    The process of “active transport” through a membrane may be described by which of the following?
    Energy (ATP) is required to force molecules against their concentration gradient.
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    Integument
    One of the following is NOT a gland found in the integument. Which one?
    The pineal gland is in the brain.
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    Muscles
    By what name is something that attaches a bone to another bone known?
    Ligament is the “ligature” that joins articulating bones. A tendon (or an aponeurosis) attaches a muscle to a bone.
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    Cells and Tissues
    What term is used to describe the movement of dissolved particles along (or down) their concentration gradient?
    Following the concentration gradient is a passive process. Choice C applies only to water molecules.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Some atoms of iodine, I, contain 53 protons and 78 neutrons in their nuclei. A correct symbol for these atoms would be:
    The convention is that the number of protons is the subscript and the sum of the number of protons and neutrons (131) is the superscript.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    Which liver cells produce bile?
    Hepatocytes are liver cells. Kupffer cells are macrophages, while sinusoids are blood capillaries.
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    Muscles
    Which is the largest of the structures in a muscle fibre?
    A myofibril extends the length of a muscle cell. A myofilament is shorter than a sarcomere, while myosin is a molecule in a thick myofilament.
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