Anatomy and Physiology

    Reproductive System
    In males, what is the function of luteinising hormone (LH)?
    LH targets interstitial (Leydig) cells to produce testosterone. GnRH stimulates the ant pit to secrete FSH and LH.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Muscles
    Which muscles extend the leg?
    Anatomically “leg” refers to the limb between the knee and ankle. Extension of the leg is achieved by contacting the quadriceps (on the front of the thigh).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    The major buffer system in the extracellular compartment is the:
    “Extracellular compartment” is almost synonymous with blood. The protein buffer is important within cells. The ammonia buffer is important in the kidney’s filtrate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Which one of the following is NOT secreted in pancreatic juice?
    Pepsinogen is secreted by the chief cells (zymogenic cells) in the gastric pits of the stomach.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    When an 80 kg person is seated on a stool so that the area of contact is 400 cm2, the pressure on the stool due to the person’s weight is very nearly:
    Remember to multiply the mass by 10 (the acceleration due to gravity).
    P = (80 × 10)N ÷ 0.04 m2 = 20,000 Pa = 20 kPa.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Integument
    Which layer of the skin is the most superficial?
    Epidermis refers to the outermost layer of the skin. While stratum germinativum is part of the epidermis, it is the deepest part.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Which of the following glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions?
    The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and secretes them via a duct into the duodenum – the exocrine function. It also produces insulin and glucagon for release into the circulation – its endocrine role. The other three choices are solely endocrine organs.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    Which of the following molecules is NOT produced by the kidneys?
    Angiotensinogen is produced in the liver. Renin (from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys) converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Which of the following is one of the processes of mechanical digestion?
    In the stomach, peristaltic waves (~3 per minute) mix the contents with gastric juice which facilitates chemical digestion. Secretion, while being mechanical, is not digestion.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which of the following structures represents a molecule belonging to the ketone family?
    A ketone has a “carbonyl” functional group (C double bonded to O), while the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is also bonded to two other carbon atoms (that is, is attached to two radicals). Choice C is incorrect as the O is single bonded to the carbon(s). Choice A is incorrect as the NH group is not a radical.
    Author: rikazzz Comment