Anatomy and Physiology

    Biomechanics
    What does the term “friction” refer to?
    Friction is a force that causes a moving object to slow in speed. That is, it produces a negative acceleration – one in the opposite direction to the object’s velocity.
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    Nervous System
    Which of the following describes an “action potential”?
    Choice B describes a graded potential. Choice C describes synaptic transmission. Choice A describes the distribution of those ions that contribute to the resting potential.
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    Nervous System
    What sort of information does an afferent nerve pathway carry?
    “Afferent” implies information travelling towards the brain, therefore sensory information. A corticospinal tract is descending.
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    Skeleton and Joints
    Which of the following is NOT a “long” bone?
    A “long bone” has a length that is significantly longer than its width. A carpal (a bone of the wrist) is a short bone.
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    Cardiovascular System
    When the AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is open, the blood pressure in both chambers is zero. When the left ventricle contracts, the AV valve shuts, and blood pressure in the left ventricle rises, while blood pressure in the left atrium reaches and stays at ~5 mmHg. Blood pressure in the aorta is ~80 mmHg at the end of diastole. Which of the following will happen next?
    Pressure in the LV will rise as the myocardium contracts until pressure in the LV is greater than the pressure in the aorta. When this happens, the aortic valve will be forced open, and blood will move from the LV into the aorta through the aortic valve.
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    Muscles
    Which of the muscles listed below is named according to its action?
    Adduction is the action of bringing an abducted bone back towards the body’s midline.
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    Cells and Tissues
    Except for one, the following are types of cells. Which one is NOT a type of cell?
    Platelets are fragments of a cell (a megakaryocyte) bound by a membrane.
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    Respiratory System
    Which is the incorrect statement among the four below?
    Oxygen does not need an enzyme to become bound to haemoglobin. About 23% of carbon dioxide is bound to haemoglobin while only about 7% is transported in solution in plasma.
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    Endocrine System
    One of the following statements is correct. Which one?
    Peptide hormones are not soluble in lipid so cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane; hence, their receptors are necessarily on its outside. Similarly, catecholamines are not soluble in lipid; hence, their receptors are on the outside the plasma membrane.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    Which material is secreted into the filtrate in the kidney tubule?
    Urea (a waste product) is lipid soluble, so it can passively move out of the filtrate into the tubule cells. It is secreted back into the filtrate to effect its excretion.
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