Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    What characterises a spinal reflex?
    Peripheral stimulation produces an involuntary, unlearned predictable response that is not initiated from the brain.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Organisation of the Body
    To what does the term “hypochondriac” refer?
    In this case “hypo-” means below, while “chondro” refers to the cartilage joining the ribs to the sternum (the costal cartilages). The regions of the abdomen immediately inferior to these rib cartilages (on the left and right sides of the body) are what is being referred to.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Biomechanics
    What is the purpose of using a slide sheet in patient manual handling?
    A slide sheet reduces friction, making it easier to slide the patient. It also provides comfortable handholds and prevents fragile skin being torn as it slides along the bed.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorbing the products of digestion?
    The mucosal layer is in closest proximity to the contents of the canal and digested material must pass through it.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    In the nephron, if the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole constricts, which of the following would be true?
    The granular cells of the afferent arteriole respond to low blood pressure by releasing renin. As a result, angiotensin II would form which causes systemic vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure, which dilates the afferent arteriole and increases glomerular filtration rate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Muscles
    What structures attach a muscle to a bone?
    Tendons (thin ropelike structures) attach muscle to bone.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Reproductive System
    Which of the following produces male sex hormones?
    The interstitial or Leydig cells of eth testes produce testosterone.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    Which molecule or ion dissolved in blood is able to stimulate the central chemoreceptors of the brain’s respiratory centre?
    Blood-borne hydronium cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. However, carbon dioxide can and it produces hydronium ions when it is on the brain side of the BBB. As there is no buffer in the CSF, these hydronium ions stimulate the central chemoreceptors of the respiratory centre.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Electricity
    Why does a correctly installed earth wire provide protection against electrocution by a faulty electrical device? Because:
    A faulty appliance (with a metal case) may become “live”. If it does, a large current may flow through the earth wire, rather than through a person touching the case. The large current will blow the fuse which is located on the active wire (as is the on/off switch).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which statement is INCORRECT? Colloid osmotic pressure:
    Although colloid osmotic pressure has the word “pressure”, this does not mean that a physical pressure is exerted on capillary walls due to the colloids (the plasma proteins).
    Author: rikazzz Comment