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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
- Page 39
Organisation of the Body
41
Cells and Tissues
129
Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
45
Integument
65
Homeostasis
0
Skeleton and Joints
100
Muscles
98
Gastrointestinal System
140
Endocrine System
102
Renal System
117
Cardiovascular System
365
Respiratory System
130
Nervous System
292
Reproductive System
72
The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
62
Ionising Radiation
92
Electricity
35
Biomechanics
58
Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
70
Chemistry for Physiology
279
Show/Hide Answers
Cells and Tissues
Which one of the following best describes what a cell membrane consists of?
Lipids, proteins, ribosomes
Lipids, cholesterol, proteins
Cholesterol, proteins, cytoplasm
Lipids, proteins, cytoplasm
These are the three major constituents. Ribosomes and cytoplasm are found inside the cell.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Respiratory System
The respiratory system helps the body regulate the pH of blood. How is this done?
The alveolar epithelial cells secrete the monohydrogen/dihydrogen phos-phate buffer which is able to maintain blood pH.
The CO
2
exhaled causes carbonic acid in the blood to disassociate into water and CO
2
which in turn allows bicarbonate to react with hydronium ions to form more carbonic acid.
The alveolar epithelial cells produce angiotensin-converting enzyme which promotes the formation of the bicarbonate buffer in the blood.
The inhaled O
2
causes dihydrogen phosphate to convert to monohydrogen phosphate which is able to destroy acid.
H
3
O
+
+ HCO
3
− ↔ H
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O ↔ 2H
2
O + CO
2
so when carbon dioxide is breathed out, the reaction “progresses to the right”. Hydronium ions react to form carbonic acid which in turn dissociates into water and carbon dioxide, thus removing acid. The other choices are nonsense.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Respiratory System
According to Boyle’s law, the pressure in a fixed amount of gas will increase as its volume decreases. Which one of the statements that follow is consistent with Boyle’s law?
When the diaphragm contracts, pressure in the lungs increases.
When the chest recoils during exhalation, the air in the lungs is at a negative pressure.
When the chest recoils during exhalation, the air in the lungs increases in volume.
When the diaphragm contracts, pressure in the lungs decreases.
The diaphragm moves inferiorly as it contracts. This expands the volume of the lungs.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
A healthy concentration of chloride in the blood is typically 105 mmol/L. How many grams of chloride are there in a litre of blood? (atomic mass of Cl = 35.5)
35.5 × 105 = 3727 g
35.5 × 0.105 = 3.73 g
35.5 ÷ 0.105 = 338.1 g
35.5 ÷ 105 = 0.3381 g
The number of moles of a substance in a solution is determined by dividing the mass of dissolved substance by the mass of 1 mol of the substance. One mole of chloride has a mass of 35.5 g: 105 mmol/L = 0.105 mol/L. So 0.105 mol/L = mass of Cl (in gram) ÷ 35.5. Rearrange this formula, hence mass of Cl = 35.5 × 0.105 = 3.73 g/L
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Cardiovascular System
An intravenous (IV) infusion flows into a vein because of hydrostatic pressure. This depends LEAST on which of the following?
Gravity
The density of the IV solution
The volume of liquid in the IV bag
The “head” of liquid
Gravity acting on the head of liquid provides the pressure that forces an IV solution into a vein. As long as the head of liquid is maintained, the volume contained in the IV bag has little influence.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
A solution that is said to be isotonic to blood has the same:
Percent concentration as blood
Number of moles of dissolved particles as blood
Number of osmoles per litre of dissolved particles as blood
Number of dissolved particles as blood
Isotonic means the same number of solute particles per litre. Choice B would also be correct if “moles” was replaced with “moles per litre”.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Cardiovascular System
Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular control centre of the brain is TRUE?
Increased impulses along parasympathetic fibres cause vasoconstriction.
Output along the sympathetic fibres increases heart rate.
Output along the parasympathetic fibres increases heart rate.
Output along the sympathetic fibres decreases heart rate.
Impulses travelling in the sympathetic fibres increase heart rate (in preparation for increased physical activity).
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Organisation of the Body
What exists in the “potential space” between the visceral and parietal layers of a membrane?
Serous fluid
Nothing
Air
Synovial fluid
Serous membranes have a deeper visceral layer and a more superficial parietal layer. Between them is a small amount of serous fluid to lubricate their movement past each other.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Cardiovascular System
A person whose blood group is “B positive” has which of the following?
The rhesus D antigen and the B antigen on their RBC and the anti-A agglutinin
The rhesus D antigen and the B antigen on their RBC and the anti-B agglutinin
The rhesus D antigen and the A antigen on their RBC and the anti-B agglutinin
No rhesus D antigen and the B antigen on their RBC and the anti-A agglutinin
“B+” means having the B antigen on RBC and being positive (i.e. having) the D antigen on the RBC as well.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
A fresh sample of blood (a buffered solution) is withdrawn from the body and its pH measured at 7.4. A small quantity of strong acid (as an isotonic solution) is added to it. Which of the following values is most likely to be the pH of the resulting blood solution?
3.0
7.3
7.4
7.5
Blood is buffered, so very little pH change will result from the addition of acid. Certainly it is not enough to change the pH by 0.1.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
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