Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    Which factor below does NOT assist venous return of blood?
    While contraction of smooth muscle can decrease the volume of veins and so shift more blood to the arterial side (and increase blood pressure), this is not the same as assisting the continuous return of blood to the right atrium. Breathing (the respiratory pump) assists the return of blood from the abdomen, skeletal muscle contraction (and valves) assists return from the limbs and gravity assists return from the head.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    What do we call a substance that when added to water, reacts with water to produce hydronium ions?
    This is a definition of an acid.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Biomechanics
    Levers are acted upon by forces known as the load, effort and fulcrum. “Third- class” levers are characterised by having the:
    The effort, that is, the insertion of the muscle tendon, is close to the fulcrum (the joint) but between the joint and the load (i.e. the rest of the limb) being moved. The load and resistance are the same force.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Which three factors affect blood pressure?
    Blood pressure rises and falls as blood volume rises and falls. If volume does not change, then just cardiac output and total peripheral resistance determine BP. Choice A is correct for a constant blood volume.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    Hormones may produce their action by several mechanisms. Which of the following is one such mechanism?
    Steroid hormones may diffuse into the cell to bind to receptors that activate a gene to synthesise a specific protein.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    What effect would a base have when added to the following solutions?
    A base has the ability to produce hydroxide ions when added to water.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Organisation of the Body
    To which of the following does the “tissue level” of structural organisation refer?
    The listed structures are the four major tissue types.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Integument
    What is the fibrous protein in our skin that protects it from abrasion?
    The outermost layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum) is composed of dead cells filled with keratin. This layer is harmlessly rubbed off (abrades) as the body comes into contact with objects outside the body.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    Which of the following is correct when stated about multipolar neurons?
    Choice B refers to bipolar neurons. Choice C refers to sensory neurons. Choice D refers to unipolar neurons.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    The chemical formula C6H12O6 contains much information. However, what information is NOT provided by the formula?
    The name may be guessed at, but it is possible for two substances to have the same formula but a different structure. Glucose and fructose both have this formula.
    Author: rikazzz Comment