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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
- Page 62
Organisation of the Body
41
Cells and Tissues
129
Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
45
Integument
65
Homeostasis
0
Skeleton and Joints
100
Muscles
98
Gastrointestinal System
140
Endocrine System
102
Renal System
117
Cardiovascular System
365
Respiratory System
130
Nervous System
292
Reproductive System
72
The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
62
Ionising Radiation
92
Electricity
35
Biomechanics
58
Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
70
Chemistry for Physiology
279
Show/Hide Answers
Cardiovascular System
Which of the following three proteins are known as “plasma proteins”?
Albumin, globulin, haemoglobin
Insulin, glucagon, haemoglobin
Fibrin, globulin, albumin
Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin
Haemoglobin is not a plasma protein. Fibrinogen, not fibrin, exists in blood.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
“Quick-eze” is an oral antacid tablet that contains calcium carbonate as the active ingredient. It is intended to relieve “indigestion” by neutralising stomach acid. Which equation below represents the neutralisation reaction?
H
2
O + Ca
2+
CO
3
2
− → Ca
2+
Cl
2
− + 2HCl + CO
2
2HCl + Ca
2+
CO
3
2
− → Ca
2+
Cl
2
− + H
2
O + CO
2
Ca
2+
Cl
2
− + Ca
2+
CO
3
2
− → 2HCl + H
2
O + CO
2
CO
2
+ 2HCl + Ca
2+
Cl
2
− → Ca
2+
CO
3
2
− + H
2
O
A neutralisation reaction involve stomach acid (hydrochloric acid) reacting with a base (calcium carbonate is a weak base) to produce a salt (calcium chloride) and water. Choice D is wrong as calcium carbonate does not appear as a reagent.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
The change in pitch (frequency) of a sound when there is relative motion between the sound source and the human observer is known as the:
Resonance effect
Interference effect
Diffraction effect
Doppler effect
This change of frequency effect is apparent when listening to the sound of a motor vehicle engine as it approaches you and then as it continues past you.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Gastrointestinal System
What is unusual about the blood supply to the liver?
The pressure in the liver capillaries is higher (about 55 mmHg) than is usual for other capillaries.
Arterial and venous blood mix in the sinusoid capillaries.
Liver capillary beds are drained by an arteriole not a venule.
The osmolarity of blood in the liver lobules can reach 1200 mosmol/l.
Blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein mix before returning to the heart via the hepatic vein. Choice A is true of the glomerular capillaries of the kidney, while choice D occurs in the vasa recta of the kidney medulla.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Endocrine System
To which type of chemical does the definition “a messenger made in small quantities and released into circulation” refer?
A plasma protein
A neurotransmitter
An enzyme
A hormone
A hormone is a chemical messenger that is transported in blood (the circulation).
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
How does the blood’s phosphate buffer behave when a hydronium ion is encountered?
HPO
4
2
− destroys the hydronium ion and becomes H
2
PO
4
−, and blood pH decreases very slightly.
H
2
PO
4
− destroys the hydronium ion and becomes HPO
4
2
−, and blood pH decreases very slightly.
HPO
4
2
− destroys the hydronium ion and becomes H
2
PO
4
−, and blood pH increases very slightly.
H
2
PO
4
− destroys the hydronium ion and becomes HPO
4
2
−, and blood pH increases very slightly.
Monohydrogen phosphate is the species that destroys acid (by accepting a hydrogen ion from the acid). Blood pH would decrease very slightly as the concentration of monohydrogen phosphate decreases slightly and the concentration of dihydrogen phosphate increases slightly.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Chemistry for Physiology
How many grams of sodium chloride are there in a 1 L bag of 4% glucose and 0.18% sodium chloride solution?
0.18
1.8
18
41.8
0.18% = 0.18 g per 100 ml, so in 1000 ml, there would be 10 × 0.18 = 1.8 g.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Respiratory System
In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase catalyses the formation of carbonic acid which then disassociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. What happens next?
Bicarbonate ions bind to haemoglobin.
Hydrogen ions move into the plasma to be buffered by bicarbonate ions.
Hydrogen ions are buffered by haemoglobin.
Chloride ions enter the RBC to form hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Haemoglobin is a protein so can act as a buffer, thus removing the hydrogen ions from solution. The bicarbonate ions move out of the RBC into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Gastrointestinal System
Consider a laboratory experiment that investigates the ability of an enzyme to hydrolyse protein at different pH levels. The solutions in the different test tubes are all at 37 °C and may contain distilled water, protein and enzyme and be at different pH. Which test tubes are likely to be the controls?
The ones containing distilled water
The test tubes with pepsin added
The test tube with a pH of 7.0
The ones without any added enzyme
Such an investigation should have one tube that contains the enzyme (e.g. pepsin) and another lacking the enzyme, with the tubes being identical in all other respects (i.e. both containing protein dissolved in distilled water at the same pH). In this case the one(s) without the enzyme is the control.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
Respiratory System
In what form is the majority of carbon dioxide that is generated by cellular respiration transported to the lungs?
As dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood plasma
Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells
As carbonic acid inside red blood cells
As bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
CO
2
leaves cell as dissolved gas. About 7% is transported in solution in plasma, and 23% bound to haemoglobin (HbCO
2
) in RBC, while 70% reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which forms bicarbonate ions.
Author:
rikazzz
Comment
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