Anatomy and Physiology

    Nervous System
    When the human eye is accommodated to make the image of a distant object focus on the retina, which of the following is true? The ciliary muscles are:
    To focus on a distant object, the lens must be pulled into a thin profile by the ciliary fibres being taut. This occurs when the ciliary muscles recedes from the lens as it relaxes.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Organisation of the Body
    Which of the following is/are the contents of the dorsal body cavity?
    Dorsal refers to the back, the cavity enclosed by the skull and vertebrae.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    The filtrate that is formed in the kidney contains all of the following except one. Which one?
    Plasma proteins are too large to pass through the filtration slits of the glomerular capillaries.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Reproductive System
    What term is applied to the second 2 weeks of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?
    The secretory phase begins at ovulation and continues while corpus luteum is intact. The endometrial glands of the uterus secrete glycogen – a nutrition source for embryo. (The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the luteal phase.)
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    What may correctly be said of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (or complex)?
    The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in Na + & Cl- ions. The granular cells are mechanoreceptors.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    One thing that could NOT be correctly said of the sympathetic division is that:
    The sympathetic division “stirs you up” rather than promoting the conservation of energy.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    When do the nutrients in food enter the body?
    Gut contents are outside of the body until absorbed through the mucosal lining.
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    Endocrine System
    Iodine is an essential component of which hormone?
    Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 contain three and four iodine atoms, respectively.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    What is the difference between osmosis and dialysis?
    Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules (only) through a membrane. Only choice A is consistent with this.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    A buffer solution consisting of citric acid and citrate in a ratio of 5: 1 maintains the pH at 7.4. What would be the ratio of the two components if the pH were to become 6.4
    As the ratio of the two components changes, so does the pH of the solution. As pH is a logarithmic scale, a pH value change by 1.0 requires a change of one of the components by a factor of 10. This is achieved if the ratio changes from 5 to 1, to 50 to 1. Furthermore, as the citric acid component has been increased, the pH decreases to be more acidic.
    Author: rikazzz Comment