Anatomy and Physiology

    Integument
    Which cell type produces a pigment that affords the skin some protection against ultraviolet radiation?
    Melanin causes the skin to darken (tan) which absorbs some of the incoming UV radiation.
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    Endocrine System
    Which one is NOT a mode of action of hormones on their target cell?
    Hormones are not enzymes (but may cause enzymes to be formed).
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    Nervous System
    What is the space between a neuron and the following neuron, muscle or gland that it stimulates called?
    The synaptic cleft is the space over which an incoming nerve impulse is transmitted by a molecule called a neurotransmitter.
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    Skeleton and Joints
    Freely moveable joints are also known as
    Synovial joints have synovial fluid between the articulating bones. Fibrous joints have fibre between the articulating bones. Cartilaginous joints have cartilage between the bones. Amphiarthroses are “slightly moveable” joints.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    Which digestive enzyme in pancreatic juice digests proteins?
    While pepsin also digests protein, it is produced in the stomach, not the pancreas.
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    Ionising Radiation
    Which of the following is not a form of ionising radiation?
    Every object emits infrared rays in proportion to its temperature. IR rays have too little energy to ionise the medium that they strike.
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    Cardiovascular System
    What is the function of the intercalated discs that exist in the heart?
    Intercalated discs attach a cardiac muscle cell to its neighbour. This connection allows rapid passage of the depolarisation signal from cell to cell so that ventricular contraction is coordinated. Hence the ventricles behave as a “functional syncytium”.
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    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    What is the most effective way to deposit heat in bones and joints?
    Ultrasound is the most effective form of diathermy as bones absorb ultrasound more effectively than soft tissue.
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    Renal System
    Which ion does aldosterone stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb?
    Sodium absorption is what aldosterone promotes.
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    Nervous System
    A difference in the amount and type of ions between the two sides of a plasma membrane or a charge difference that occurs when ions move along a membrane is called an “electrical potential”. What does the term “action potential” refer to?
    The influx of sodium ions followed by the efflux of potassium ions describes the action potential. Choice A describes the “resting potential”.
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