Anatomy and Physiology

    Endocrine System
    Which organ produces insulin?
    The beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) produce insulin.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Body Temperature, Energy and Heat Loss
    In what situation will the ability to lose heat by evaporation of sweat be diminished?
    If the body is dehydrated, its ability to secrete sweat is diminished. The amount of bare skin does not affect sweating.
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    Renal System
    What is the term used to describe the production of an insufficient volume of urine?
    Oliguria is the production of about 50–500 ml urine per day. Anuria is producing less than 50 ml per day.
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    Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
    How many milligrams are there in 1 μg?
    1 mg = 103 × 1 μg, so one thousandth of a milligram is the same as one microgram.
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    Nervous System
    Which of the following is NOT a meninx that surrounds the brain?
    There are three meninges, but there is no such thing as epidural mater.
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    The Physics of Waves: Light Waves, Sound Waves and Ultrasound
    Basically, what does a Doppler ultrasound examination for peripheral vascular disease involve?
    The faster the red blood cells are moving, the greater will be the difference in frequency between the incoming and reflected ultrasound frequency. RBC move faster as they pass through a narrowing in a blood vessel. Ultrasound is inaudible, so you can’t hear the reflected ultrasound.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    Some partial pressures for oxygen (in mmHg) in different parts of the respiratory system are given below. Given that atmospheric air has O2 at 160 mmHg, which ones are reasonable values?
    Choice A is wrong as alveolar air will have a lower PP than atmospheric air. Choice C and D are wrong as capillary blood leaving the alveoli should have oxygen PP nearly the same as that in the alveoli.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What is the name of the narrowest aperture of the eye through which light must pass so that we may see?
    The pupil is the “black” circle in the middle of the colourful iris. The diameter of the pupil may increase and decrease as the iris dilates and constricts.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    What does the presence of aldosterone in the blood cause?
    Sodium ions are reabsorbed from the filtrate. Aldosterone promotes greater reclamation of sodium from the DCT.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Given that 20% of the air at the normal pressure of 100 kPa is oxygen, then what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
    The partial pressure of oxygen is proportional to its percent concentration in the mixture of gases. 20% of 100 kPa = 20 kPa.
    Author: rikazzz Comment