Anatomy and Physiology

    Cardiovascular System
    If a blood pressure is stated as 16 over 10.6 (in units of kilopascals), this means:
    The larger value (16) is the systolic pressure (i.e. maximum blood pressure at the end of ventricular contraction) and states by how much the blood pressure is above atmospheric pressure.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Given that the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 and that of hydrogen is 1, what is the mass in grams of 1 mole of ammonia (NH3)?
    From the formula, there is one N and three H atoms. So (1 × 14) + (3 × 1) = 17.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Endocrine System
    What effect does parathyroid hormone have?
    PTH increases plasma Ca2+ (calcitonin aids in lowering blood calcium).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Renal System
    What does the renal system consists of?
    There are two ureters (from kidney to bladder) and one urethra (from bladder to outside).
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    What is the function of the goblet cells that make up part of the lining of the respiratory tree?
    Goblet cells secrete mucus. This traps small inhaled particles which are then moved out of the respiratory tree by the action of the ciliated cells (which also line the respiratory tree). Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant, macrophages eat bacteria, etc.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Cardiovascular System
    Angiotensin II does all of the following except one. Which one?
    Angiotensin II promotes an increase in blood volume and vasoconstriction, but not vasodilation.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which fluid compartment holds the greatest volume of the body’s aqueous solutions?
    The intracellular compartment contains about 27 of the body’s 42 L or so of solution. The next largest is the extracellular with about 15 L. The other two are subsets of the extracellular compartment.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    In a solution like blood that is buffered to minimise changes in pH, what determines the pH of the solution?
    Any hydronium and hydroxide ions present will react with one of the two components of the buffer. So the amount of buffer component (viz. their ratio) governs the concentration of these ions and hence the pH of the solution.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Respiratory System
    A bronchiole differs from a bronchus in that it is:
    Bronchiole can constrict and dilate while bronchi cannot (they are held open by cartilage). Bronchioles are more distal than bronchi in the respiratory “tree”.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Measurement, Errors, Data and Unit Conversion
    If you have 20/20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 ft what should normally be seen at that distance. Given that 1 ft = 0.305 m, what is 20 ft converted to metres?
    If 1 ft is 0.305 m, ten of them would be 3.05 m and 20 of them would be as shown in choice D.
    Author: rikazzz Comment