Anatomy and Physiology

    Endocrine System
    Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
    Epinephrine and norepinephrine (=catecholamines) are produced in the adrenal medulla.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    What does the hormone gastrin do?
    Gastrin stimulates the G cells of the gastric glands in the stomach wall to secrete hydrochloric acid.
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    Muscles
    What is true about the energy released from glucose respiration?
    Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP molecules, while anaerobic respiration produces just 2 molecules of ATP.
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    Gastrointestinal System
    The functions of the stomach are:
    Choice A is not wrong, but D is better as it includes glucose, which, being a small molecule, can be absorbed through the stomach wall.
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    Ionising Radiation
    Why do some x-ray photons will pass through the human body without deflection? Because:
    Apart from the positions where electrons and the nuclei are located, the rest of the body is empty space through which photons can travel unimpeded. They will interact only if they “hit” these subatomic particles. The other answers contain errors.
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    Organisation of the Body
    In which cavity(ies) does the digestive system lie?
    The oesophagus is within the thoracic cavity, while the remainder is in the abdominopelvic cavity.
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    Organisation of the Body
    What does the process known as anabolism refer to?
    Anabolism refers to the process of constructing/building molecules (think anabolic steroids). B refers to catabolism. C is metabolism.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Osmosis involves movement of water from where the:
    In osmosis water molecules flow down their concentration gradient (and from weaker solutions to more concentrated ones).
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    Integument
    A drug that is administered “transdermally” is one that:
    Transdermal administration is applied to those drugs that can be absorbed from an adhesive “patch” (say), through the skin and enter the bloodstream.
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    Ionising Radiation
    A caesium 137 source produces an absorbed radiation dose of 400 mg/h at a distance of 1 m. What would be the dose received at a distance of 5 m in 2.5 hours? (Consider the effect of distance first)
    At a distance of 5 m, the dose would be (1/5)2 = 1/25 of that at a distance of 1 m. Hence dose would be 400/25 = 16 mGy/h. If exposed for 2½ h, dose would be 2½ × 16 = 40 mGy.
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