Anatomy and Physiology

    Cells and Tissues
    Which of the following cells are uninucleate (have a single nucleus)?
    Red blood cells have no nucleus, while osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Correctly complete the sentence: Pepsinogen is
    Pepsinogen “gen”erates pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
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    Chemistry for Physiology
    Which is the best definition of an electrolyte?
    This is a definition of electrolyte. Choice C is restricted to molecules; and there must be a solution involved, so D is wrong.
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    Biomechanics
    Consider the action of moving from having both feet flat on the ground to standing on “tiptoes”. Which of the following correctly identifies the fulcrum, the load force, the effort force and the lever?
    Fulcrum has to be the “ball” of the foot (the rounded area superficial to the joint between metatarsal and proximal phalanx of the hallux), and load must be the weight of the body.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    To what blood pH does the term “alkalosis” refer?
    Alkalosis refers to any blood pH above the upper limit of normal which is 7.45.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Chemistry for Physiology
    By what name is the movement of solute particles through a selectively permeable membrane, in the direction of their concentration gradient, known?
    While the solute particles are indeed diffusing through the membrane, the presence of a membrane makes dialysis the appropriate term to use. Diffusion is also applied to the movement of particles within a solution even when they do not cross a membrane.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What does the term “synapse” refer to?
    The impulse carried by a nerve cell is transferred by neurotransmitter to the stimulated cell by this structure at the point of contact. Choice C describes the synaptic cleft.
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    Biomechanics
    In cars, the aim of safety features, such as seatbelts, padding on the dashboard, collapsible steering columns, airbags and body panels that crumple progressively, is to minimise the unbalanced force on occupants during a crash. Bearing Newton’s second law in mind, how do such features achieve this? They:
    Say the occupant has a mass of “m”. Newton’s second law states F = m × a to make the unbalanced force F as small as possible, and then the acceleration “a” must be made small. Acceleration may be positive or negative; the latter is often called a “deceleration”.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Gastrointestinal System
    Which is an enzyme secreted by the gastric glands?
    Pepsin (strictly pepsinogen) is the only enzyme on the list.
    Author: rikazzz Comment
    Nervous System
    What is the light sensitive cell in the retina that responds to colour called?
    Remember “c” for cone and “c” for colour. Rods are used for conditions where the intensity of light is low (the conditions are “scotopic”, e.g. at night).
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